Organization
Chuo Law School Professor
Contact information
The inquiry by e-mail is 《here》
External link
ITO Tomoyoshi
Degree
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Doctor of Law ( Hokkaido University )
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Master of Law ( Hokkaido University )
Education
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1982.5
Hokkaido University Graduate School, Division of Law doctor course withdrawn without a degree after completion of course credits
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1981.3
Hokkaido University Graduate School, Division of Law master course completed
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1979.3
Hokkaido University Faculty of Laws graduated
Research History
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2005.4 - Now
Professor of Chuo Law School
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2022.9 - 2023.8
台湾、台湾大学で在外研究
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2014.9 - 2015.8
Research at Sogang University, South Korea
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2014.4 - 2014.8
Research at Zagreb University, Croatia
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2000.4 - 2005.3
Professor of Hokkai Gakuen University
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2003.9 - 2004.3
JICA partner with Uzbekistan government
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1995.4 - 2000.3
Professor of Sapporo Gakuin University, Graduate School
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1994.9 - 2000.3
Professor of Sapporo Gakuin University, Undergraduate School
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1995.9 - 1996.2
Research at Hungarian Academy of Science
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1988.4 - 1994.8
Associate Professor of Sapporo Gakuin University,Undergraduate School
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1982.6 - 1988.3
Research Assistant Hokkaido University, Law Faculty
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1983.10 - 1985.10
Specialization at Novi Sad University, Yugoslavia (by a scholarship of Yugoslav government)
Professional Memberships
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アジア法学会
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「社会体制と法」研究会
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日本比較法学会
Research Interests
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Modern law
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Central Asia
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Civil Law
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Comparative law
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Reception of Modern law
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Russia
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Central and Eastern Europe
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Balkan
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Habsburg
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Hungary
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Serbia
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ex-Yugoslavia
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Bosnia
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Croatia
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韓国
Research Areas
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Humanities & Social Sciences / Civil law / Civil Law
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Humanities & Social Sciences / Legal theory and history / Comparative law
Papers
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“Anti LGBT Laws” in Hungary and “European Values”
Tomoyoshi Ito
Chuo Law Journal 18 ( 4 ) 47 - 78 2022.3
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The restitution or compensation of seized property during the time of the socialism in Serbia: To what extent is successfully completed the returning to Modern Law and the liquidation of the socialism?
Tomoyoshi Ito
Societal System & Law ( 18 ) 39 - 53 2020.6
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Legal Recognition for Same-Sex Couples in Croatia and the Influence of the Modern Law Experience
Tomoyoshi Ito
Chuo Law Journal 17 ( 1 ) 3 - 27 2020.6
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Flat Fraud in Russia: Legal Protections for Bona Fide Acquirers
Tomoyoshi Ito
Chuo Law Journal 16 ( 4 ) 3 - 26 2020.3
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Legalization of the same-sex couples in Serbia and her experience of the Modern law
Tomoyoshi Ito
Chuo Law Journal 15 ( 4 ) 3 - 20 2019.3
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The draft of the new Serbian Civil Code and the European Court of Human Rights -- focusing on the legalization of the same-sex couples Invited
Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law journal ( 80 ) 124 - 131 2019.1
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Revision of final and binding civil decisions in Russia --- focusing on the enlargement of using the retrial system Reviewed
Tomoyoshi ITO
Societal System & Law ( 15 ) 74 - 101 2017.3
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Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law review 47 ( 2 ) 29 - 60 2013.9
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The adversary system and the collection of evidence ex officio in the Russian civil suit
Tomoyoshi ITO
Societal System & Law ( 13 ) 2013.3
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Enforcement of making contracts
Tomoyoshi Ito
Chuo Law Journal 9 ( 4 ) 43 - 60 2013.3
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Fair trial in Russia and the European Court of Human Rights
Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law journal ( 74 ) 85 - 97 2012.12
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Legal interpretation in Central Asia --- from my experience in JICA's Cooperation for Rule of Law Promotion
Tomoyoshi ITO
Societal System & Law ( 11 ) 63 - 75 2010.6
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The globalization and the reform of economic laws in Uzbekistan, Mongol and China ---comment to the paper Reviewed
Tomoyoshi ITO
Societal System & Law ( 10 ) 16 - 20 2009.6
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Principle of execution of contracts in nature in Russia and the regime transformation
Tomoyoshi Ito
Societal System & Law ( 9 ) 6 - 25 2008.6
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Civil disputes and the Constitutional Court in Russia
Tomoyoshi Ito
"Transplant" of constitutionalism into Central asian countries and its reality 114 - 133 2008.3
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Malfunction of civil courts in Uzbekistan
Tomoyoshi Ito
Cooperation for Rule of Law Promotion and traditional order 141 - 155 2007.3
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Position of the Civil Code in Uzbekistan
Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law journal 66 260 - 266 2005.5
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Reception of Civil Codes in Serbia and the "non-modern" elements in its marriage law
Tomoyoshi Ito
Societal System & Law ( 5 ) 28 - 43 2004.6
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The Civil Execution Act in Uzbekistan
Tomoyoshi Ito
Process of dispute resolution in Central asian countries 63 - 70 2002.3
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Claim for relief against defamation in Uzbekistan
Tomoyoshi ITO
Process of dispute resolution in Central asian countries 29 - 38 2002.3
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Service contract in Russia --- focusing on contracts for daily life service
Tomoyoshi ITO
Recent trend of legislation in Russia 56 - 69 2001.3
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Environmental right in Russia
Tomoyoshi ITO
Theoretical and practical study of human rights in transitional Russia 168 - 177 2001.3
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Comparative position of the Serbian Civil Code of 1844
Tomoyoshi ITO
Comparative law journal ( 59 ) 170 - 176 1998.2
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Yugoslav Arbitration Act and the self-management socialism
Tomoyoshi ITO
Sapporo Gakuin law review 14 ( 1 ) 127 - 152 1997.9
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Contract law in Russia
Tomoyoshi ITO
A change in Slav-Eurasia --- its social and cultural dimension 95 - 106 1997.6
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Serbian judicial system prior to the adoption of the "Turkish" constitution
Tomoyoshi Ito
Sapporo Gakuin law review 13 ( 2 ) 43 - 68 1997.3
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Development and abolishment of feudalism in Serbia
Tomoyoshi Ito
Sapporo Gakuin law review 13 ( 1 ) 83 - 110 1996.10
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A note on the history of Hungarian Civil law
Tomoyoshi Ito
Sapporo Gakuin law review 12 ( 2 ) 187 - 208 1996.3
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Consumer Protection Act in Russia ---product liability and defect warranty
Tomoyoshi Ito
Sapporo Gakuin law review 11 ( 2 ) 1 - 34 1995.2
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Mortgage and ownership of lands in Russia
Tomoyoshi Ito
Sapporo Gakuin law review 10 ( 2 ) 63 - 90 1994.3
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Reception of the "western" legal principles in ex-socialist countries (freedom of contract)
Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law journal ( 55 ) 13 - 24 1993.12
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Changing socialist laws --- re-examination of basic concepts (private property)
Tomoyoshi Ito
Annual Review of the socialist law ( 10 ) 1991
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Clausula rebus sic stantibus in the Yugoslav transaction law
Tomoyoshi Ito
The Hokkaido Law Review 39 ( 5/6 ) 1949 - 1968 1989.10
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Recent trend of the legal control on individual business --- the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
Tomoyoshi Ito
Comparative law journal ( 49 ) 146 - 152 1987.10
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Social ownership and individual labor in Yugoslavia
Tomoyoshi Ito
The Hokkaido Law Review 36 ( 3 ) 1073 - 1090 1985.10
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Income guaranty for victims of accidents resulting in injury or death in the Soviet Union
Tomoyoshi Ito
The Hokkaido Law Review 32 ( 4 ) 873 - 957 1982.3
Books
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シャリーアとロシア帝国??近代中央ユーラシアの法と社会
堀川徹, 大江泰一郎, 磯貝健一（ Role： Joint author社会主義ソ連時代における民事裁判のあり方---客観的真実主義と裁判所積極主義---）
臨川書店 2014.4
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現代ロシア法
共著者, 小森田秋夫, 森下敏男, 大江泰一郎, 竹森正孝, 樹神成, 杉浦一孝, 伊藤知義, 上田寛, 武井寛, 篠田優, 阿曽正浩, 早川弘道, 渋谷謙次郎（ Role： Joint author）
東京大学出版会 2003.9
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市場経済化の法社会学
共著者, 小森田秋夫, 伊藤知義, 篠田優, 阿曽正浩, 鈴木賢（ Role： Joint author）
有信堂 2001.1
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事例DE法学入門
共著者, 荘子邦雄, 鳥居喜代和, 水島朝穂, 白藤博行, 白取祐司, 城下裕二, 久々湊晴夫, 千葉恵美子, 伊藤知義, 藤原正則, 新山一範, 原強, 松本祥志（ Role： Joint author）
青林書院 1998.4
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民法学と比較法学の諸相Ⅱ（山畠・五十嵐・藪先生古稀記念論文集）
共著者, 千葉恵美子, 曽野裕夫, 高波澄子, 山口康夫, 山田卓生, 斎藤博, 田村善之, 叶和夫, 福永有利, 矢吹徹雄, 中島弘雅, 広渡清吾, 見澤俊明, 大木雅夫, 石田喜久夫, 伊藤知義, 鈴木敬夫, 奥田安弘, 宇田川幸則（ Role： Joint author）
信山社 1997.6
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被保護成年者制度の研究
共著者, 須永醇, 小林一俊, 安倍晴彦, 村田彰, 小林秀文, 新井誠, 奥山恭子, 岡孝, 菱木昭八朗, 伊藤知義, 小賀野晶一, 柳澤秀吉, 春田一夫, 依田精一, 前田泰, 中山宏太郎（ Role： Joint author）
勁草書房 1996.3
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ユーゴ自主管理取引法の研究
伊藤知義（ Role： Sole author）
北海道大学図書刊行会 1990.8
MISC
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鈴木輝二著EUへの道-中東欧における近代法の形成
Tomoyoshi ITO
社会体制と法 6 94 - 99 2004.6
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ウズベキスタン共和国民法典
共訳者, 丸山毅, 大江泰一郎, 伊藤知義, 篠田優, 杉浦一孝, 宮下修一
2003.6
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資料紹介 2001年ロシア立法
比較法研究 ( 64 ) 212 - 217 2003.3
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比較法研究 ( 63 ) 218 - 225 2002.3
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法律時報 71 ( 13 ) 219 - 223 1999.12
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法律時報 70 ( 13 ) 210 - 214 1998.12
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法律時報 69 ( 13 ) 206 - 209 1997.12
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ロシア連邦民法典第1部
共訳者, 杉浦一孝, 小原剛, 遠藤克己, 大江泰一郎, 伊藤知義, 篠田優
ロシア研究別冊 4 88 - 106 1995.11
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ペレストロイカの新民法
札幌学院法学 9 ( 2 ) 113 - 189 1993.3
Presentations
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ハンガリー「反LGBT法」と「ヨーロッパ的価値」
伊藤知義
「体制転換と法」研究会 2021.9
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ハプスブルク統治以降のボスニアにおける近代法受容とイスラム法
伊藤知義
「体制転換と法」研究会 2020.12
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A situation on the restitution of taken property during the socialist regime in Serbia
Tomoyoshi ITO
A Workshop "Societal System & Law" 2019.5
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The Way to the legalization of same-sex couples in Croatia
Tomoyoshi ITO
A Workshop "System Transformation and Law" 2019.4
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Draft of Serbian New Civil Code and the European Court of Human Right---focusing on the legalization of same-sex coples
Tomoyoshi ITO
Japan society of comparative law 2018.6
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A comparison between Japan and Serbia concerning enactment of the civil code in the nineteenth century
A Workshop "A comparative exchange between Ottoman, Japanese and Chinese legal history of the late 19th and early 20th century" at Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte in Frankfurt / 9 March 2018 2018.3
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Recepcija zapadnog prava u Japan i sadašnje japansko pravo u praksi
Fakultet za pravne i poslovne studije dr Lazar Vrkatić u Novom Sadu 2017.3
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2015年セルビア民法典草案と欧州人権裁判所
「欧州人権裁判所と旧社会主義国」研究会 2017.2
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2015年セルビア民法典草案について
「体制転換と法」研究会 2017.1
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クロアチアとその周辺および韓国における法文化雑感
「体制転換と法」研究会 2015.10
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契約締結の強制について
第１回中日韓法律フォーラム（中国山東大学） 2015.10
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Gradjansko pravo u Japanu
Pravni Fakultet u Novom Sadu 2014.4
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Bona Fide Acquisition of Immovable Property in Russian Civil Law and the European Court of Human Rights
A Workshop "System Transformation and Law" 2013.7
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ギリシャおよびトルコにおける欧州人権条約の受容
「欧州人権裁判所と旧社会主義国」研究会 2013.3
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ロシアにおける公正な裁判と欧州人権裁判所
比較法学会 2012.6
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旧ソ連における民事裁判 -- 当事者主義と職権主義
中央アジアの法制度研究会 2011.12
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ロシア民事訴訟における当事者主義と職権主義
「社会体制と法」研究会 2011.6
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近代前後のセルビアにおける伝統法とイスラム法の影響
中央アジア法制度研究会 2010.12
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ロシア法における不動産の善意取得制度
「体制転換と法」研究会 2010.9
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「姦通罪の比較法文化論——東アジアとイスラーム世界における原理の異同を考える」
中央アジアの法制度研究会 2008.11
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ウズベキスタンの担保法および執行法の現地調査について
ウズベキスタン倒産法注釈書作成支援委員会 2006.3
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ウズベキスタン抵当法の特徴と問題点
ウズベキスタン法令改善プロジェクト支援委員会 2006.2
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ウズベキスタンにおける民事法の機能不全について
マハリャ研究会 2006.1
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СРАВНЕНИЕ ЗАКОНОВ О ЗАЛОГЕ УЗБЕКИСТАНА И ЯПОНИИ（ウズベキスタンと日本の担保法制比較）
ウズベキスタン倒産法注釈書作成支援委員会 2005.11
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ロシアの抵当権について
体制転換と法研究会 2005.10
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ウズベキスタン担保法制度改正に関わる執行法改正案について
マハリャ研究会 2005.7
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Central European Type of Continental Law?
ハンガリー・日本国際シンポジウム ”Social Change and Legal Assistance: Lessons from the Hungarian Experience”,於名古屋大学 2003.1
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セルビア民法典（1844年）の比較法的位置づけ
比較法学会第60回総会,於青山学院大学 1997.6
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旧社会主義諸国における「西欧法」原理の導入（契約の自由）
比較法学会第56回総会,於慶應義塾大学 1993.6
Research Projects
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Laws and Realities of Cooperation and Sharing in the Middle East: Partnership and Property Sharing
Grant number：23H00748 2023.4 - 2027.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Tohoku University
Grant amount： \18460000 （ Direct Cost: \14200000 、 Indirect Cost： \4260000 ）
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ロシア帝国領中央ユーラシアにおける家族と家産継承
Grant number：22H00702 2022.4 - 2026.3
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B) 京都大学
磯貝 健一, 伊藤 知義, 和崎 聖日, 阿部 尚史, 大河原 知樹, 畠山 禎, 矢島 洋一, 磯貝 真澄
Grant amount： \15340000 （ Direct Cost: \11800000 、 Indirect Cost： \3540000 ）
本研究の初年度である2022年は、新型コロナウイルスの流行に伴う渡航規制が若干緩和されたものの、まだ海外における調査をコロナ以前のように実施することはできなかった。ただし、国内においては対面での研究会開催が本格化するなど状況は好転している。結果として、海外における資料およびフィールド調査については遅滞が生じているものの、国内の各種研究会、および資料分析についてはほぼ事前の計画通りに研究を遂行することができた。以下、本年度の実績を記載する：
【海外での調査】8月に磯貝（健）、磯貝（真）の2名がウズベキスタンに出張し、タシュケントの東洋学研究所で資料調査を実施した。さらに、ヒヴァの国立イチャン・カラ博物館にて館長と面会し、同館所蔵文書の研究におけるパートナーシップの継続を確認した。ただし、同月から9月にかけて和崎が実施する予定であった現地での聞き取り調査はキャンセルとなった。
【国内での研究会】7月に京都、12月に静岡で「近代中央ユーラシア比較法制度史研究会」を実施した。京都開催回では畠山が、近代ロシア家族史の研究動向について報告し、静岡開催回では阿部が、サファヴィー、カージャール両朝統治下のコーカサスにおけるシーア派相続法にかんする報告を行った。また、静岡開催会では「トルキスタン統治規程」の翻訳研究会も併せて実施した。さらに、2023年3月には「中央アジア古文書研究セミナー」を、対面参加者数の制限を廃した上でハイブリッド形式にて実施し、30名前後の参加者を得た。 -
A Comparative Study of Civil Code and Civil Procedural Law of Islamic Law and the Middle Eastern Law
Grant number：19H01404 2019.4 - 2023.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Tohoku University
Grant amount： \10790000 （ Direct Cost: \8300000 、 Indirect Cost： \2490000 ）
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ボスニアにおける近代民法受容に対するオスマントルコ法の影響
2020.4 - 2022.3
中央大学 中央大学特定課題研究費 中央大学
Authorship：Principal investigator
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The Serbian Civil Codes in the 19. and the 21. centuries: the continuity and the discontinuity between two Codes
Grant number：19K01269 2019.4 - 2022.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Chuo University
Tomoyoshi Ito
Authorship：Principal investigator
Grant amount： \4160000 （ Direct Cost: \3200000 、 Indirect Cost： \960000 ）
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Making Islamic Law of Obligations as 'Modern Middle Eastern Law' Model in Comparative Law
Grant number：15H03286 2015.4 - 2019.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Tohoku University
OKAWARA Tomoki, MIURA Toru, KONDO Nobuaki, AKIBA Jun, TAKEMURA Kazuo, ABE Naofumi, IWAMOTO Keiko
Grant amount： \10530000 （ Direct Cost: \8100000 、 Indirect Cost： \2430000 ）
We had study meetings 30 times through which we analyzed the part of law of obligations of the Ottoman civil code (Mecelle) both collectively and individually. As a result, we published Japanese translation of the Books of Sale, Hire, Guarantee, and Transfer of Debt.
We translated the Books of Pledges, Trusts and Trusteeship, Gift, Wrongful Appropriation and Destruction tentatively, then studied them in comparison with the other laws of obligations. These tentative translated Japanese texts are to be basic materials for comparative study of law of obligations between Islamic law and Western modern law, and making Mecelle as 'Modern Middle Eastern Law' model.
We also held the international workshop related to Mecelle in Japan, and the research group leader had the invited presentation in the international Mecelle symposium held in Turkey, where he talked about this research project. -
Comparison of legal cultures between Russia, Eastern Europe, Japan, Taiwan and Korea, all of which are located in the periphery of the Modern law
2016.4 - 2018.3
中央大学 school's financial aid
Grant type：Competitive
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The impact of the European Court of Human Rights on ex-socialist countries in Europe
2012.4 - 2018.3
scientific research fund by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 科学研究費助成事業 科学研究費基盤研究(Ｂ)
Grant type：Competitive
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A Comparative Study on the History of Legal Systems and Societies under Imperial Administrations in Modern Central Eurasia
Grant number：25284137 2013.4 - 2017.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Kyoto University of Foreign Studies
Horikawa Toru, ITO Tomoyoshi, KONDO Nobuaki, SUMUR Kicengge, SHINMEN Yasushi, TAGUCHI Kojiro, NAGANAWA Norihiro, NODA Jin
Grant amount： \17420000 （ Direct Cost: \13400000 、 Indirect Cost： \4020000 ）
This study revealed various aspects of transformations of legal systems and societies brought about by the Russian administration in late 19th-century Muslim Central Asia, i.e., the Turkestan krai of the Russian Empire and two Russian protectorates, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. The study marshaled the stipulations of Russian laws on the Islamic courts in the legal system of the Russian Empire and made clear details of its influence on the traditional Muslim court practices; for example, ‘ulama’s (Muslim legal scholars) of the krai began to write a new particular kind of court documents. In addition, we explained similar transformations in the Muslim societies of the Volga-Ural region and the southern Caucasus.
And for better understanding of characteristics of laws and imperial administrations, our study eventually conducted a comparative study between the Russian administration and that of the Qing Empire or the Republic of China. -
Basic Study on Sharia and Modernity: Comprehensive Study on the Ottoman Civil Code
Grant number：23330006 2011.4 - 2014.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) The Toyo Bunko
OKAWARA Tomoki, HORII Satoe, ISOGAI Ken'ichi, ITO Tomoyoshi, MIYASHITA Shuichi, OKUDA Atsushi, MIURA Toru, AKIBA Jun
Grant amount： \9230000 （ Direct Cost: \7100000 、 Indirect Cost： \2130000 ）
We held study meetings nine times regularly a year (four times in the final year), and examined the Arabic text of the Ottoman Civil Code (Mecelle). In the end, we finally finished translating the Book on Sales (art. 101-403) and the Book on Hiring and Leasing (art. 404-611) into Japanese. We completed one third of the whole text of Mecelle.
We also carried out investigations into texts, commentaries, monographs and articles related to Mecelle in various languages, and collected a part of them by purchase, photocopying and the other methods.
We made electronic data of the Arabic version of Mecelle text, and improved our research by its use. We had some research presentations on adaptation of Mecelle in Afghanistan and Malay. -
Comparative Research on the System of Control over Justice in China, Vietnam, Russia and Central Asian Countries
Grant number：22243002 2010.4 - 2014.3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) Nagoya University
SUGIURA KAZUTAKA, AIKYO Masanori, ICHIHASI Katuya, UDAGAWA Yukinori, TAKAMIZAWA Osamu, SUZUKI Ken, KUONG Teillee, II Takayuki, SHINODA Yu, ASO Masahiro, SHIBUYA Kenjiro, ITO Tomoyoshi, KODAMA Shigeru, OHKOHCHI Minori, SAKAGUCHI Kazushige, SATO Fumito
Grant amount： \21320000 （ Direct Cost: \16400000 、 Indirect Cost： \4920000 ）
The subject of this research was analyzing historically the system of control over justice in China, Vietnam, Russia and the countries in Central Asia, and comparing the result. We considered control over justice as actions of persons who bear the legislature, the executive or the judiciary of the State, and influential persons in the ruling party to control the judiciary, directly or indirectly, in order to implement certain specific policies of the State or the ruling party. We took up personnel matters regarding judges, supervisory review system, Supreme Court guidelines on application of laws, court budget and other systems related to control over justice as the system of control over justice, and showed clearly that these systems were functioning as a channel of control over justice.
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Bona Fide Acquisition of Immovable Property in Russian Civil Law
2006.4 - 2008.3
中央大学 中央大学特定課題研究費
Grant type：Competitive
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The influence of the Ottoman Turkish law on the legal culture in the Balkans
Grant number：10620012 1998.4 - 2001.3
日本学術振興会 Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
ITO Tomoyoshi
Grant type：Competitive
The chief aim of this research is to make the following questions clear. First, what kind of the situation has made Balkan legal culture different from one in the West? Secondly, what is the difference between the Balkan and the Western legal culture? Thirdly, after the collapse of the socialism in Eastern Europe, the Balkan countries are in the process of the social reform into the market economy. Will their legal culture assimilated into the Western one in this process or will they maintain their own traditional character? Let me point out Byzantine, Ottoman, Modern Western and Socialist law as the main factors which have influenced on the present legal culture in the Balkans. This paper studies the above mentioned problems focusing on the influence of the Ottoman law which had controlled this area as long as five centuries until the modern age in some places.
As a result of the study, it turned to be clear that Islamic law didn't produce direct influence on legal culture among the Christian which got a majority of the population, owing to that the Islamic law were not applied to non Muslim people. Therefore, the considerable range of the legal disputes was resolved not by the Islamic nor Ottoman law but by the traditional Balkan law which had existed before the Ottoman conquest and survived after that. The law consisted of the consisted of the customary and the Byzantine law which was considerably different from the Western modern law basing itself on the Catholic culture. But it must be notices that the influence of the Turkish customs on the way of thinking among the Balkan people were not small at all after the independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Balkan region took the returning way toward Europe. However, the ideological conflict between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church impedes the introduction of the Western modern law into the area, keeping a certain amount of distinction between the Balkan and the Western legal culture. -
The law in action in the transaction field of the ex-Soviet Union
1993.4 - 1994.3
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)
Grant type：Competitive