In recent years, advanced ICT systems, including AI, have evolved, and various digital services have dramatically improved their functions and become more sophisticated, increasing their applications in the economy and society.
In this digital society, fundamental issues that were previously only raised as future problems are becoming apparent.
This paper covers a wide range of topics to provide an overview of these issues. Taking into account recent digital trends, such as "AI" and "Metaverse“, and from the perspective of ELSI, this paper examines the main issues that have already arisen regarding the local implementation of digital services and advanced ICT systems.

<Key points>
ELSI：When using new technologies in society, it is necessary to look at the issues from a broad perspective.
Metaverse：It has not yet become a social issue. The key to the future of the metaverse is whether there will be more use cases, especially in the entertainment sector, and whether devices will become more widespread.
local implementation of digital services ：It is important to clarify the substance of local issues and to help people really understand the benefits, which must be so great that they do not need to worry about the cost of switching. At the same time, we need to identify cases where it would be more convenient to keep things analogue rather than go digital.
Advanced ICT Systems：The excessive digital functionalities with echo-chambers and filter bubbles have already caused social issues.
Generative AI: With regard to AI, various issues have already been raised, such as copyright holders during the machine learning process and AI products that contain false and misleading information, oversupply and hallucinations. OP (Originator Profile) technology may be the key to focus on.

<Considerations>
A common goal for the above issues is the realization of a 'human-centered digital society' that both consistently promotes economic development and solves social challenges.
Ultimately, it is people who will adopt and use various digital services. The most important thing is not to expect too much from new technologies, but to consider how they will affect ordinary people.
If the average person were to suffer as a result of the digital society, it would be the opposite of what we are trying to achieve. For the average person, it will take trial and error to find the optimal balance between analogue and digital to create a better society overall.

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In Japan, especially since the large-scale leakage of personal information held by government-related entities occurred in 2015, the Japanese government has promoted various measures by formulating “Cybersecurity strategy” according to the Basic act on Cybersecurity and amending related laws.
This paper analyzes the implementation status of these projects in light of the social impact of Novel coronavirus infection (COVID‑19) and changes in the national security environment, while reviewing the historical background of cybersecurity policies to date.
The historical background up to now has been sorted by content, such as the way of thinking about risk. The period before the formulation of e-Japan Strategy II (2003) is known as the "dawn period," during which there was a lack of clear strategies for cybersecurity. From 2003 to 2008, there was a "zero risk-oriented strategic period" in which the focus was on minimizing risks through measures such as the formulation of advance standards. The period from 2009, the household penetration rate of fixed-line broadband in Japan had exceeded 60%, to 2012 was the "strategic period of risk assumptions," which focused on post-attack measures such as incident response and damage control. From 2013, mobile broadband surpassed fixed-line broadband and smartphone ownership exceeded 60% in Japan, to the present, there is a period of "different dimension strategy period" and "strategy revision period" that expands the target from information to cyberspace and incorporates active and proactive efforts. I organized how human resource development measures were positioned in each period.
In recent years, there have been instances where critical infrastructure services have been compromised as a result of cyberattacks, with some of these attacks being suspected of being sponsored by nation-states.
Since it is difficult to completely eliminate vulnerabilities in both people and technology and to avoid cyberattacks entirely, it is becoming increasingly important to develop the ability to respond as a team and conduct practical exercises in preparation for such attacks.
In light of these circumstances, it is essential that we persistently implement exercises and training at institutions serving as socially crtical infrastructure, operate a certification system that promotes a positive cycle, and continuously discover and develop young human resources. Additionally, considering that there is a high need for online utilization, but current tools are not sufficient especially for group work under the restricted vision and hearing, we must explore the diversification of efforts and utilization of new technologies in response to the evolving needs of cyberspace that require protection.

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File： 190904-2 行政機関による法令適用事前確認手続の導入について -.pdf

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