Grant amount： \16380000 （ Direct Cost: \12600000 、 Indirect Cost： \3780000 ）

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Grant amount： \41860000 （ Direct Cost: \32200000 、 Indirect Cost： \9660000 ）

By focusing on the micro-macro relationship in the fiscal system, we investigated interdependence and/or conflicts between central and local governments, international governments,and public and private agents in a variety of fiscal situations. By doing so, we have analyzed important fiscal topics such as desirable fiscal management and fiscal rule from the viewpoint of theoretical and empirical criteria.

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Grant amount： \14300000 （ Direct Cost: \11000000 、 Indirect Cost： \3300000 ）

In this study, we have discussed various problems arising in a shrinking economy as to urban spatial structures. We have studied the mechanism by which the problems occur and obtained some policy implications. More specifically, we have first tried to grasp the actual changes in the urban spatial structures and to identify the problems from diverse data. At the same time, we have constructed analytical frameworks to explain them. Particular emphasis is placed on three bodies of theoretical models, namely, Alonso-Mills-Muth models in the urban economics, the models in the new economic geography and the models of spatial competition. We have modified, extended and refined these models. Finally, these frameworks are applied to analyze the problems and to obtain policy implications.

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Grant amount： \11310000 （ Direct Cost: \8700000 、 Indirect Cost： \2610000 ）

We constructed a partial equilibrium model of multiproduct firms with international trade. Assuming heterogeneity in productivity of firms, we examined the impacts of falling trade costs on the numbers of firms and varieties and economic welfare in each country, and analyzed the home market effect and locational advantage.
We then constructed a general equilibrium model and investigated the impacts of progress in production technology on regional economic activities. By endogenizing supply of working hours, we could obtain several interesting results. We also explored regional economic policies by focusing on interregional differentials in per capita income and social welfare.

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Grant amount： \24310000 （ Direct Cost: \18700000 、 Indirect Cost： \5610000 ）

The new field of spatial economics has been developed rapidly since the early 1990s by economists in Japan, U.S. and Europe, aiming for the unified theory of geographical economics. This research has succeeded in the further development of spatial economics by combining traditional economic models with new micromodels of knowledge creation and transfer. With the application of newly developed spatial models, empirical studies of innovation dynamics have been successfully conducted in the context of cities and industrial agglomerations in the global economy.

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Grant amount： \3640000 （ Direct Cost: \2800000 、 Indirect Cost： \840000 ）

(1) Frontiers in spatial econmics. I investigated land use and land price formation in large cities and conducted their theorertical analysis. I also incorporated product differentiation theory into spatial economics and performed some analysis.
(2) New economic geography and new trade theory. Focusing on trade and labor economics, I analyzed the impact of trade liberalization on international economies under labor heterogeneity and derived some policy implications. Furthermore, I considered multiproduct firms in international oligopolistic markets and investigated the effect of falling trade costs on the economic activities.

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Grant amount： \34710000 （ Direct Cost: \26700000 、 Indirect Cost： \8010000 ）

We have investigated fiscal competition and coordination of multiple governments such as the vertical relationship between central and local governments, the horizontal relationship among local governments or among central governments, and the public-private relationship between governments and non-profit organizations. By considering actual fiscal activities in a global economy, we have developed better theoretical models and obtained interesting empirical results on fiscal competition and coordination. Based on the various fiscal data of many countries, we have analyzed the benefit and cost of fiscal deficit accumulation and fiscal consolidation on economic activities.

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Grant amount： \18330000 （ Direct Cost: \14100000 、 Indirect Cost： \4230000 ）

T. Tabuchi conducted joint research with P. Picard at U. Luxembourg, P. Mossay at U. Reading, M. Pflueger at U. Wurzburg, and M. Berliant at Washington U., respectively and revisited the spatial economic theory and explored desirable economic policies. T. Takahashi developed a two-region model that imperfect information can lead to the agglomeration of commercial activities. T. Ihori investigated the effects of infrastructure on economic activities and social welfare. Y. Kanemoto and S. Fujishma analyzed urban agglomeration economies based on Henry George theorem and Tiebout' s voting theory.

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Grant amount： \42120000 （ Direct Cost: \32400000 、 Indirect Cost： \9720000 ）

The new field of spatial economics has been developed rapidly since the early 1990s by economists in Japan, U.S. and Europe, aiming for the unified theory of geographical economics. This research has succeeded in the further development of spatial economics towards a comprehensive theory of geographical economics in the age of globalization and brain power society. In particular, we have succeeded, perhaps for the first time in the world, in developing a dynamic micromodel of knowledge creation and transfer, through interactions among heterogeneous knowledge workers in multiple regions.

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Grant amount： \13130000 （ Direct Cost: \10100000 、 Indirect Cost： \3030000 ）

This research has studied some of the urban and regional economic problems that are particularly important in the era of a shrinking economy. We have derived policy implications on these problems from the framework of the New Economic Geography (NEG). For that purpose, first, we have constructed based on the models of the NEG a basic framework that is applicable to each of the problems. Next, we have analyzed the causes of the problems and examined the economic policies to remedy them. The problems discussed in the research include the change in urban spatial structure, aging population and the change in an employment pattern, transport sector and infrastructure investment in that sector, the imbalances between urban area (core) and rural area (periphery).

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Grant amount： \38480000 （ Direct Cost: \29600000 、 Indirect Cost： \8880000 ）

We analyzed the fiscal interdependence of multiple governments from the viewpoints of vertical relationship between central and local governments, horizontal relationship between international or interregional governments, and other relationship between public and private organizations. We obtained the interesting outcomes of competition and/or coordination theoretically, empirically, and institutionally. In particular, we explained endogenously the normative aspect of fiscal activities of governments by considering similarities and differences of vertical and horizontal competition and coordination.

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Grant amount： \22620000 （ Direct Cost: \17400000 、 Indirect Cost： \5220000 ）

We have reconstructed basic theories of spatial economics focusing on the home market effect in international trade, skill formation of labor and regional specialization in industries. In particular, we have analyzed the impacts of transportation and communication technologies on spatial distribution of economic activities. We have also investigated positive and negative externalities of economic agglomeration in large metropolitan areas, and discussed on the optimal size of Tokyo metropolitan area from a various point of view. During the period, we have organized two international workshops by inviting top-class researchers from aboad.

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Grant amount： \14940000 （ Direct Cost: \12600000 、 Indirect Cost： \2340000 ）

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Grant amount： \37960000 （ Direct Cost: \29200000 、 Indirect Cost： \8760000 ）

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Grant amount： \30550000 （ Direct Cost: \23500000 、 Indirect Cost： \7050000 ）

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Grant amount： \4140000 （ Direct Cost: \3600000 、 Indirect Cost： \540000 ）

1. In order to examine the interdependence of transport technology and economic geography, we have constructed a model with a transport sector applying the theory of new economic geography. Then, we have explored the effects of spatial distribution of economic activities upon the transport technology adopted. In addition, we have studied the causal relationship in the inverse direction, that is, the effects of transport technology upon the spatial distribution of economic activities.
2. Furthermore, we have examined the inefficiency in the resource allocation arising when the transport sector has some monopoly power. Paying special attention to the fact that the size of the sector is endogenously determined, we have answered the question as to when it becomes too big and when it becomes too small.
3. Next, we have derived the price of transport service determined through the behaviors of transport firms. Here, the possibility that the price differs depending on the direction of shipment is taken into account. By further developing the model constructed in 1, we have analyzed the impacts of the changes in parameters on economic geography.
4. Putting all the results together, we have consider the overall effects of the investment of transport infrastructure upon the spatial distribution of economic activities. In particular, we have focus on the channel in which the investment affects the price of transport service by lowering the marginal cost of transport firms, which, in turn, gives an impact on economic geography.
5. Moreover, up to the extent that transport cost is considered one of trade costs, the policy to lower transport costs by the investment on transport infrastructure can be analyzed in the same framework as the policy to lower trade costs, in particular, tariffs. Thus, we have considered the conceptual relationship with the international trade theory.

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Grant amount： \38350000 （ Direct Cost: \29500000 、 Indirect Cost： \8850000 ）

We have investigated the positive and normative aspects of risk management policy under centralized and decentralized system. We also considered risk management policy where risk occurs endogenously in a growth model setting. By incorporating macro fiscal and monetary policy, social security reform, and fiscal decentralization into the analytical framework, we have clarified the desirable properties of risk management. We investigated the current redistribution policy, the social security structure, and regional economic policy of major developed countries and derived interesting analytical results based on the actual policy issues of these countries. We have used the politico-economic approach to this topic.
It is well recognized that although the disexternalities of pubic bads such as pollutants due to economic growth do not necessarily enhance welfare, the abatement behavior may offset such disexternalities. Moreover, if the agent evaluates growth much and conceives no need for conducting abatement, she gains from growth much. Thus, a natural conjecture is that growth normally enhances welfare especially for the poor agent. By explicitly incorporating the optimizing abatement behavior, we showed that the conjecture is not necessarily valid. Namely, a decrease in wealth differentials may not improve the quantity of environment, which could hurt even the poor, who faces a corner solution. We also showed that the worldwide economic growth would hurt the poor country if it deteriorates environment much, and the abatement technology is very inefficient, and the number of poor countries is large.

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Grant amount： \122200000 （ Direct Cost: \94000000 、 Indirect Cost： \28200000 ）

This research has conducted a comprehensive study on the economics of complex spatial systems, focusing on the five research tasks below :
(1) Basic theory : From a common viewpoint of complex spatial systems, we have unified the spatial economics with endogenous growth theory by introducing new factors such as R&D agglomeration with knowledge externalities and the speed of innovations and knowledge spillover. We have also developed new models of knowledge creation and transfer among heterogeneous people, and new models of new economic geography with multinational firms. We have also developed a new information measure of detecting the spatial extent of economic / industrial agglomeration.
(2) Empirical study on industrial agglomeration : Focusing on IT industry, we have investigated the collaboration between industries, local governments and academic institutions, and the contribution of industrial agglomeration on regional development.
(3) Urban systems : based on our new models, we have investigated the dynamic process of urban system development, and the relationship among urbanization, birth rate, and income distribution. We have also empirically identified the agglomeration of manufacturing industries in Japan.
(4) International regional system : Based on our new models, we have examined the relationship between trade pattern and transport networks, and the flying geese pattern of industrial transfer from developed countries to developing countries under the influence of knowledge spillover.
(5) Industrial / urban location and transport・information system : We have investigated the impact of second-best transport policies on the urban spatial structure. Finally, we have developed the data-base on transportation networks and regional economic activities, and investigated the social benefits of transport improvement.

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Grant amount： \54000000 （ Direct Cost: \54000000 ）

(1)Using the metropolitan database that we have developed, we obtained quantitative estimates of agglomeration economies, and, based on the estimates, we tested empirically if Tokyo is too big.
(2)We have completed building the spatial database of the official land prices of the Tokyo metropolitan area, and have conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of the land market. We also developed a functional coefficient regression model that use non-parametric type estimation methods and applied it to the analysis of the official land price data. We conducted statistical testing of issues such as how big are the effects on land price of proximity to commercial facilities (such as shopping centers) and to green zones (such as parks and forests) and whether or not these effects are different between the suburbs and city centers
(3)We developed a new ridge type estimator for a regression model and examined the properties of the estimator. Using tile new type estimator, we constructed a quality-adjusted price index for second-hand condominium housing.
(4)Using the spatial database, we applied Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to obtain Bayes estimates of spatial factors affecting the effects of marketing activities and consumers' spatial purchasing behavior.
(5) We established a new cost-benefit analysis methodology for investments in social overhead capital that has network effects. Based on these works, an error in the cost-benefit manual for transportation investment used in Japan was pointed out
(6) We analyzed a variety of the economic effects of agglomeration economies in the monopolistic competition framework in economic geography and international economics

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Grant amount： \28110000 （ Direct Cost: \23700000 、 Indirect Cost： \4410000 ）

This project has investigated risk management policies such as social security, trade conflicts, national security, and redistribution policy. We have considered the macroeconomic implications of public safety nets and the relationship between public and private adjustments against various risks. We have also developed theoretical frameworks for international public goods including defense spending, foreign aids, and abatements. Among others the followings are main results. (I) The neutrality theorem of public goods may be extended to the case where economic growth cannot affect the real equilibrium if we allow for abatement activities against pollutions due to growth. (ii) The international public good may become an inferior good if its role is to reduce probabilities of bad states. (iii) The steady-state level of national security may be too much in the competitive economy although it is too little compared with consumption. It is well known that capital accumulation may be too much in the long run when the competitive steady state economy is on the inefficient path. This is the income effect. If the income effect dominates the free-riding effect, the level of national security at the non-cooperative solution could be larger than the first best level. The larger the social discount rate and the smaller the penalty ratio, it is more likely to have such a paradoxical case. (iv) An increase in capital stock raises real income, stimulating the demand for national security. In order to have a larger amount of national security, the country is willing to pay more spending on national security. The national security-GDP ratio increases with capital accumulation. We have derived the exploitation hypothesis without depending on a public good nature of security spending among allies.

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Grant amount： \12400000 （ Direct Cost: \12400000 ）

So-called "new geographical economics" emphasizes the endogenous agglomeration of economic activities through the interaction of increasing returns and transport costs, which is in contrast with the traditional international trade theory based on constant returns. Based on the viewpoint of new geographical economics, this research studies the recent development of both Japanese regional system and the international regional system of East Asia in a unified manner. We explain the mechanism of the endogenous formation of regional economic system and its transformation in the long run. It is indicated that the framework of the new geographical economics is well suited to explain the dynamic phenomena of frontier economies, such as the formation of "core-periphery" regional structure, "hallowing-out" of industries form the core region, and the "massive mobilization of resources" as well as the so-called "flying geese pattern" of Asia's development. It is shown that the economic growth of Japan was accompanied with the formation of a typical core-periphery structure of Japanese regional system, and that a sort of a "flying geese pattern" of interregional manufacturing relocation occurred also within Japan. Next, we examine the changes in the location of manufacturing industries in East Asia, and explore the relationship between these changes and the regional transformation of Japan. It is shown that Japan dominates more strongly over the rest of East Asia in those industries that are more highly concentrated in the Japanese Core, and conversely that the rest of East Asia is relatively stronger in those industries that are relatively weaker in Japanese Core. It is also shown that the manufacturing agglomerated first in the Japanese Core, and then it gradually dispensed sequentially to Japanese Periphery, to Asian NIES, and then to ASEAN and China.

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Grant amount： \2100000 （ Direct Cost: \2100000 ）

While the externality effect is larger, the utility fee becomes larger yet income-tax rate becomes smaller. This result is clearly opposite to the standard argument. If its own trip's externality effect for its own economy is greater relative to the foreigner's, the utility fee becomes larger yet income-tax rate becomes smaller. That is, if the foreign travelers are more important, income-tax rate should be higher in order to reduce airport utility fee and capture foreigner's demand. In some sense, this accords with the standard argument. If the other country's basic productivity goes up, income-tax rate decreases rapidly while the utility as well as utility fee increases a little. That is, a neighboring country's economic growth gives positive externality to the home country through hub airport competition. If the other country's population goes up, income-tax rate decreases while the utility fee increases a little. That is, a neighboring country's large population gives large revenue to the home country's budget. Thus, it can reduce the income-tax rate. If consumers prefer own country's airport more, the utility fee goes up while income-tax rate down. According to the "globalization, " people tend to ignore the "nationality" of airports recently. If it is the case, the standard argument may be justifiable.

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Grant amount： \4500000 （ Direct Cost: \4500000 ）

The focus of this research is to clarify the economic roles of urban agglomeration by econometrically measuring economic benefits and costs due to urban agglomeration. In the production side, urban agglomeration enhances the productivity of firms. In the consumption side, however, both agglomeration economies and diseconomies exist. The former, called economies of varieties, are derived from the fact that consumers can choose from a variety of differentiated goods, services, and job types. The latter are congestion such as insufficient housing and long distance commuting. We conducted quantitative analysis by using Japanese city-based data to see whether the former dominate the latter or not.
We found that the agglomeration economies dominate the agglomeration diseconomies both in production and in consumption. We also found that the agglomeration economies in production side push up the nominal wages while the agglomeration economies in consumption side push down the real wages. It is often considered that the Tokyo Monopolar System is negative for households. However, our results show that it is positive because the economies of varieties increase the utility level of households.
We used various kinds of amenities and environmental variables so as to control the impacts of urban environments. As byproducts, we had city-based data of amenities and environmental variables, which would help our future research on urban economics.

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Grant amount： \1700000 （ Direct Cost: \1700000 ）

本研究では、近年著しく増加しつつある国際間・都市間の企業内における分業がわが国の都市システムに与える影響について分析した。特に、都市におけるミクロレベルの行動理論とマクロレベルの実証結果のあいだのギャップを埋めることを最終目的とした。
まず、平成8年度に引き続き、今年度もさまざまな社会経済データ(消費者物価指数、賃金、所得、地価など)を時系列と横断面について、都市単位および都市圏単位で収集した。また、新たに必要になったデータを付加した。これらのデータをもとにして、都市間の所得格差、物価格差、家賃格差、地価格差などの実態を明かにすることを試みた。
一方、より一般的な都市システムの理論の構築に取りかかった。具体的には、ミクロ経済学における消費者行動の理論からスタートして、複数の都市のあいだのさまざまな格差の要因を分析し、都市における諸現象について経済理論による解明を行った。
その結果、都市間の自由な交易のもとでは、都市間地価格差がもっとも大きく、都市間物価格差がもっとも小さいことを理論的にも実証的にも明らかにした。得られた結果は論文にまとめて、東北大学情報科学研究科の地域科学ワークショップにおいて研究発表を行った。また、京都大学経済研究所のUrban Economics Workshopと名古屋大学情報文科学部のUrban Economics Workshopにおいても、他の研究者と意見交換をすることによって、本研究の問題点を点検し、いくつかの軌道修正を行った。

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Grant amount： \1100000 （ Direct Cost: \1100000 ）

With Professor Jacques Thisse at Universite de Paris I-Sorbonne, I conducted locational analysis of retail firms paying attention to price and location competition in a spatially oligopolistic market. This research will be forthcoming in International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol.13, and is closely related to my paper appeared in Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol.24 and Working Paper No.25.
Next, I analyzed real estate markets using assessed land value data in Osaka Metropolitan Area. In addition to the empirical analysis, I related it to spatial competition theory and nonlinear pricing theory.
Finally, with Professor Masahisa Fujita at University of Pennsylvania, I conducted empirical analysis on regional growth processes in postwar Japan using extensive regional timeseries data. This research will be published in Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol.25.Major focus is the relationships of international and interregional division of labor with regional economy and Tokyo monopolar regional system. This research is somewhat related to a paper by Professor Tatsuo Hatta at Osaka University and I and my paper appeared in Journal of Urban Economics.

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Grant amount： \3200000 （ Direct Cost: \3200000 ）

平成元年度に行なった研究は、以下の3点に要約できる。
1.先端技術産業の定義と数量的基準の枠組み(池田):先端技術産業の概念の定義とその分類を行うための数量的な基準を開発すると共に、都市地域システムへのインパクトを計量化する枠組みを構築した。この数量分析の枠組み(研究開発費と研究技術者の相対的な割合と産業部門の規模、生産性、成長性に関する経済指標から構成されている)により分析対象のハイテク産業を電気・通信機器,半導体,医薬品,精密機械機器,などの産業小分類で18産業、細分類で54産業を特定し、各産業部門の地域的な特徴(都道府県単位)を抽出した。
2.先端技術産業立地の地域経済への影響分析(池田):先端技術産業の立地活動の地域経済への影響を都市規模別に、特に、労働力需要と関連産業の集積機能に注目した多変量回帰モデルを各産業部門毎に誘導して比較分析を行なった。関連産業の集積(特にサ-ビス、情報、本社機能)に関する要因は共通に重要であったが、高速交通基盤、電力・水賦存量の生産基盤、地域アメニティに関する要因は産業別、都市規模別に異なった影響が見られた。
3.先端技術産業の立地行動の日米比較(宮尾):先端技術産業の立地行動に関する理論的、実証的分析に基づき日米の比較を行い、高度産業社会における地域産業政策のあり方を探った。結論として、先端技術産業を育成し、支援して行くために地域レベルの産業振興策の重要性が認識されると共に、先端産業を担う新しい人材(知識指向型労働力)の育成と新規起業の立ち上がりを支援する様々なサ-ビスの利用可能性が大きな役割を果たすと考えられる。今後の課題として、人材育成のビジネス・スク-ルや大学院大学の設立や新規事業支援のインキュベ-タなど頭脳立地の普及を図る必要がある。

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