Language：Japanese   Publisher：Master's and Doctoral Program in International and Advanced Japanese Studies, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba  

In the industrialization process in Germany and Japan, cooperative banks have taken a significant role to support local economy in the agricultural regions. In Germany it is Raiffeisen-kasse, born in the middle of 19th century, now Raiffeisenbank/VR Bank, and in Japan it is Sangyo-kumiai (cooperative), born in 1900, now Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA). These cooperative banks kept developing after the second World War and high economic growth, making their central bank competitive to the biggest private banks in both countries. In spite of many similarities in two countries, however, their social evaluation became critically divergent particularly in 21st century: in Japan claims on abolition the cooperatives have become louder, while in Germany, especially after Lehman-shock, the cooperatives got more evaluated as an important means of sustainable development. Here we focus on the similar but divergent development of cooperative banks in Germany and Japan, which have been seldom dealt in academic discussions, and examine why this kind of divergence made its appearance through historical comparative study on two countries. Particularly we focus on the significance of the community-based role of cooperative banks which responds to the diversified local financial needs through their microcredit loans. We examined the continuity and disconnection of this financial activities of cooperative banks in the local economy through their historical development before and after the War. As a result we could argue that on one hand in Japanese cooperative banks they have been exposed to the continuous political pressure that their financing would be limited only to agricultural loans, so that they could not adequately respond to the more diversified small credits. On the other hand in Germany, just as the example of GLS Bank shows, they have developed methods to respond the more diversified financial needs in local economy, where cooperative banks were evaluated as the means for sustainable development.

DOI： 10.15068/00159583

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/030276595

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：神戸大学経済経営学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：清内路歴史と文化研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Socio-Economic History Society  

The Japanese economy went through extreme difficulties in the interwar period. As rural areas in particular were gravely affected, the Ministry of Finance Savings Deposit Fund (MoF-SDF) and its financial network tried to aid local businesses in crisis times. The 1927 relief loan by MoF-SDF was a benchmark cases for developing the financial network's core mission. Operation of the MoF-SDF (which largely consisted of Postal Savings Deposits) was in the hands of the Ministry of Finance. Basic operation rules for local re-allocation of MoF-SDF were first determined in 1909. After that, strong bonds were developed between MoF-SDF, Japan Kangyo Bank, Agro-industrial local banks and cooperatives. This financial network was already established before the interwar period. The re-allocation system which was mainly aimed at supporting recovery from natural disasters, also promoted local economic development. In 1925, MoF-SDF was legally reformed, but the reform did not fundamentally alter the re-allocation management system. When severe and wide frost damage occurred in Nagano prefecture during the Japanese Financial Crisis in 1927, MoF-SDF tooke the lead in supplying a huge relief loan. This loan contributed to the development of the financial network, increasing its socio-economic power in rural society.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Historical Society of Japan  

By the early 20th century, saving deposit investment funds managed by the Ministry of Finance (MoF-SDIF), which were mainly derived from postal savings deposits, had developed into a relatively large financial aggregate, as large-scale capital accumulation was now occurring outside of the "multi-layered financial structure" formed by the Bank of Japan and commercial banking system. However, the research to date on the subject seldom delves into the actual management style and specific influence of such MoF investment funds, merely assuming that during the World War interim period, there was some financial route in place for plowing MoF-SDIF (according to guidelines set in 1909) back into local economies through special financial institutions, such as the Nihon Industrial Development (Kangyo) Bank, agri-industrial banks and the central financial depositories of industrial cooperatives. This article attempts to clarify the characteristic structural features of that investment route and the process by which it was firmly put in place. To begin with, in the absence of legal provisions governing the management and use of SDIF, investment routes and practices were established by custom within the actual process of distributing the funds. As to how the system of plowing SDIF back into local economies was providing capital through the above-mentioned special financial institutions in response to the capital demands of society as a whole and regarding the influence of the system on local society and its financial structure, it functioned to reorganize existing financial institutions and their structure of transactions by providing a modernized financial assistance bridge to individual industrial cooperatives, small and medium scale businesses and existing locally based organizations. The author then turns to the institutional and regional issues involved, by citing specific cases of how the system's role in providing economic relief funds on an individual basis was perceived in determining the character of the financial system as a whole. In more concrete terms, the author focuses mainly on the case of Nagano Prefecture, describing the influence of the system after the firm institutional establishment of the MoF savings deposit department during the Meiji era in organizing the first nationwide relief funding effort following the outbreak of Word War I and providing relief finance during economic downturn which marked the war interim period.

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.122.4_498

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：清内路歴史と文化編集委員会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：社会経済史学会  

The Ministry of Finance Savings Deposit Fund (MoF-SDF), which mainly derived from Postal Savings Deposits, had developed into a relatively large fund by the early 20th century. Previous studies have shown the importance of this fund's role in the Japanese financial system, but there is a lack of concrete research based on primary sources. One of the aims of the Postal Savings Deposit system was encouragement of self-help among ordinary people, and from this we can see that from the beginning the MoF-SDF had a social security function. However, the fund gradually gained an economic development support function also. MoF-SDF's basic operation rules were first determined in 1909. In addition to the large part of the fund invested in national bonds for stability, the new operating concept called for capital re-allocation to the regions. In the early days of this program, a 'special fund' of MoF-SDF was allocated explicitly for re-construction following natural disasters. The bailout for export industries in 1914 was the first time the MoF-SDF was used for relief in an economic crisis, rather than one from a natural disaster. After this event, MoF-SDF began to allocate funds in economic bad times. This paper examines the 1914 bailout process as a way to understand the role played by the MoF-SDF loan program. As Nagano prefecture received the largest allocation from this relief program, I have taken Nagano's case as an example.

DOI： 10.20624/sehs.78.1_119

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：経営史学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：清内路歴史と文化編集委員会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：政治経済学・経済史学会  

The Japanese savings rate rose to around 10 percent in the early 20th century. The growth of individual savings supported and stabilized this high savings rate. This paper examines how and why the individual savings grew in modern Japan. The Japanese Postal Savings Bank was the first nation-wide saving bank for ordinary people's small savings, and became generally popular at the beginning of 20th century as the savings rate rose. This paper therefore focuses on the spread of the Postal Saving Bank's individual deposit accounts. Previous studies have revealed that central government policy promoting individual savings affected deposits in the Postal Savings Bank. But government policy was not the only factor which induced people to save. Various local organizations and their actions also widely affected ordinary people's saving behaviors. The experience of Mishima City in Shizuoka Prefecture provides a good example of how saving behavior spread in local society. In Mishima, new modern organizations such as the local post office, elementary schools and local government, were well aware of the central government policy promoting savings, and additionally they had influence in the local community. To give one example, Mishima elementary school cooperated with Mishima post office to promote making small savings to parents through school children. As the government implemented systems to promote postal savings, local community leaders tried to utilize those systems. Additionally, these local leaders did not just accept this policy; to a certain extent they could also give advice to government about it. It was not only the modern but also the older parts of society that joined in the promotion of savings. In Mishima, local small savings organizations such as mujin (pre-modern mutual financing communities) and local residents' unions were promoted by local government and local post offices. Although there were a variety of purposes for savings, these savings movements lead the growth of small deposits in local modern banks, similar to postal savings. As the postal savings system developed in local communities, pre-modern collective savings were integrated to the modern system and the new generation was trained in the concept of saving. This happened all over Japan, not only in Mishima. In the early 20th century, Japanese local society was in many respects being reconstructed. Savings behavior and the promotion of individual saving was one typical trend in this process. This movement affected the Japanese national savings rate, and to a certain extent supported capital accumulation for Japanese modernization.

DOI： 10.20633/rekishitokeizai.54.2_16

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：清内路歴史と文化編集委員会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：清内路歴史と文化編集委員会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：経営史学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：東京大学社会科学研究所  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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